Energy storage is evaluated by the Davos Economic Forum as one of the ten new technologies that may change the world in the future. Energy storage battery is the most active area in the research and application of energy storage technology. At present, energy storage battery technology is developing rapidly. Once a breakthrough is achieved, it will have a significant impact on the development of new energy, operation and control of power grid and terminal energy consumption. The future energy storage battery technology will be widely applied in the new generation power system.
New energy storage battery technology has become the hot spot and technological front of R & D currently.
Existing commercial battery technologies include lithium ion batteries, lead-acid batteries, Ni MH / Cd batteries, sodium sulphur / nickel batteries and so on. These batteries have been widely used in the fields of electric vehicles, mobile phones, notebook computers, wind power storage systems, grid FM, distributed power and micronetworks.
At present, there are more than 30 new energy storage batteries in commercial and demonstration applications, laboratory development or conceptual design stages. The battery technologies that have been demonstrated include three yuan material lithium ion battery, all vanadium / zinc bromine liquid battery, lead carbon battery, supercapacitor battery, etc. the battery technology in the laboratory R & D stage includes a new generation of lithium ion batteries, semi solid / non thin film and other new generation liquid batteries, aluminum / zinc, etc. Metal air batteries, sodium / magnesium ion batteries, liquid metal batteries and so on; graphene supercapacitor batteries, double carbon batteries, nano micro batteries and organic batteries are in the conceptual design stage. These new energy storage battery technology has become the hot spot and the technology frontier of current research and development. It is expected to improve the performance of energy storage battery and promote the large-scale application of energy storage battery in the future.
The semi-solid liquid current battery, which combines the advantages of lithium ion and liquid flow battery, will improve the battery energy and power density, reduce the volume and reduce the cost. At present, MIT has developed a semisolid liquid battery with a energy density of 250 watts per kilogram, more than 10 times higher than the current liquid current battery, and the cost is only 100 to $250 / kWh, more than 70% at present. Graphene lithium battery is a material with high conductivity and ultra light graphene. Using lithium ion can quickly shuttle between the surface of graphene and the electrode, and shorten the charging time to the minute level. Graphenano and Kerr Maria University of Spain jointly developed the world's first electric car graphene battery, which takes only 8 minutes and a 1000 km distance. The theoretical energy density of lithium sulfur battery can reach 2600 watts / kg, which is 8 to 10 times that of traditional lithium ion battery. The energy density of lithium sulfur battery developed by Polyplus and Furlong Hoff materials and light Research Institute in Germany has reached 420 watt hour / kg, 600 watt hour / kg. The aluminum air battery takes the air as the positive pole, the aluminum is the negative electrode, and releases the energy through the chemical reaction of aluminum and oxygen. The energy density of the battery can reach 8100 watts per kilogram in theory, which is the first of all kinds of battery energy density. Israeli Phinergy has developed an aluminum air test battery for electric vehicles, with an energy density of more than 800 watts per kilogram, and a 1600 km distance.
Lithium ion and liquid flow battery are expected to become the mainstream technology of energy storage battery in the future.
Lithium ion battery is the most popular energy storage technology at present. According to the statistics of the United States Department of energy, by the end of 2016, the US, Japan, EU and China accounted for 94% of the global installed aircraft, of which there were nearly 100 demonstration of electric energy storage, and the number of projects was 53%. In the number of electrochemical energy storage demonstration projects, lithium ion batteries account for the highest proportion, reaching 48%, ranking the highest in battery energy storage. In the future, the new generation of lithium ion battery technology will bring about fundamental changes in the battery safety, energy density, charging time and other indicators. It has a broad application prospect in the field of power grid modulation, electric vehicle, commercial / household energy storage system and other fields.
The liquid flow battery has the advantages of large capacity and low cost. It can build up to 100 thousand kilowatt class and more reliable energy storage power station. It provides important support for improving the flexibility of power grid dispatching control and developing new energy in a large scale. The construction of energy storage power stations in large energy bases, central substations, load centers, and the end of power grid can provide various auxiliary services such as peak adjustment, frequency modulation, voltage regulation and so on. It plays an important role in maintaining electricity balance, alleviating local blocking of power grid and responding to emergency accidents of power grid. The large capacity liquid energy storage system in the new energy generation base can effectively suppress the power generation fluctuation of new energy, track the power generation plan flexibly and promote the new energy generation to become the main power source.
According to the judgment of the International Renewable Energy Agency and the International Energy Agency, the lithium ion and liquid flow battery will break through the technical bottleneck in 2030, and the overall performance of the battery has been fully promoted. It will become the most large-scale commercial future of the mainstream battery technology. The proportion of the capacity of the global energy storage battery will exceed 50%, which greatly promotes the energy storage power. The development and application of pool technology.
Innovation and development of multiple energy storage batteries will play an important role in the new generation of power systems.
With the development and wide application of many battery energy storage technologies in the future, the energy storage battery will be applied to the various links of the power system "sending, transporting, matching, using and adjusting". It is possible to change the mode of production, transportation and use of the existing power system, and help the traditional power system to be "wide interconnected, intelligent, flexible, flexible and safe." Control of the new generation of power system transformation.
On the power generation side, lithium ion battery and liquid current battery will become an important energy storage technology to support the large-scale development of new energy, and promote the new energy to become the main power source of the new generation power system. By the end of 2017, China's wind power and photovoltaic power generation capacity reached 293 million kilowatts, accounting for 17% of the total power installed capacity. In the future, China's new energy will also accelerate its large-scale development. According to the national non fossil energy development target and the carbon emission reduction target, the total installed capacity of the national wind power, photovoltaic power generation and other new energy generating units at the end of 2030 is at least 880 million kilowatts, which is about 3.5 times as much as the capacity of the new energy generation installed at the end of 2016, accounting for the total installed capacity of the power supply. The proportion is about 30%. In the future, the high proportion of new energy access will become the main feature of the new generation of power system in China. How to control the operation of large-scale new energy and network operation needs to greatly improve the flexibility of the power system. Lithium ion battery and liquid current battery will achieve further breakthrough in short time high power output and fast response speed. It can effectively suppress the power generation fluctuation of large scale new energy, track the power generation plan flexibly and realize the observable, measurable and controllable new energy power plant.
In the power grid side, the liquid current battery, as the large capacity power grid power storage power station, is very popular. It can provide a variety of auxiliary services for the power grid, and enhance the flexibility and security of power grid scheduling control. The liquid flow battery has the advantages of long cycle life, large capacity, fast response and high security. It is expected to replace the lithium ion energy storage power station which has been put into operation in the future and develop into a power grid class power station with 100 thousand kilowatts and above, providing various auxiliary services such as peak regulation, frequency modulation, voltage regulation and so on. It should play a role in emergency power grid emergency. At the same time, the construction of large capacity liquid energy storage power station in the surrounding area of large energy base, central substation, load center, and the end of power grid can give full play to the important role of different regional energy storage power stations in alleviating the blocking of local power grid and promoting the power balance.
On the user side, the lithium ion battery will become the mainstream technology to promote the development of the distributed small battery energy storage system. The new type of battery can be used as a complementary and cooperative application of the lithium ion battery. The future lithium ion battery technology further breakthrough, the energy density will be close to 600 watts per kilogram, the endurance of more than 500 kilometers, more than 500 times, the charging time will be reduced to less than 30 minutes, the service life of 15 years, meet the performance requirements of small distributed energy storage, mobile electric source. The new battery can be used in the field of electric vehicles and household distributed energy storage. In the future, the potential of distributed optical storage is great. Some users with small electricity demand and low dependence on the power grid may choose the independent power supply of distributed optical storage system for the benefit of economy. In the United States, the model of "distributed storage + grid" has already appeared in Hawaii.